Western Civilization
European History & Its Impact on the World
Updated November 2, 2003
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A.P. History / Europe Today / Revolutions / Primary Documents
Maps, Flags, Timelines / Vikings / Barbarians / Pirates
Absolutism / Nationalism, Imperialism, & Anarchism /
The Thirty & Seven Years Wars / Military History & War
Holy Roman & Austro-Hungarian Empires
Wars of Succession / The Concert of Europe / Prussia & Germany
Spain & Italy / England / France / Russia / Bosnia-Kosovo, Central & Eastern Europe
Torture & Punishment / Various Topics & Comprehensive Sites
THE WORLD AT WAR!
Drop by my WWI and WWII pages!
Britannica.com: Worlds Apart: The Roots of Regional Conflicts
Crisisweb: the International Crisis Group on-line system - info on military conflict around the world.
Genocidal Acts During the Twentieth Century
A.P. EUROPEAN HISTORY
AP European History HomePage
AP European History Review
DBQ Hints and Helps
AP European History - New DBQ Scoring Method
AP EURO S.P.R.I.T.E. FORM
PRIMARY SOURCE ANALYSIS WORKSHEET
AP Mentor - Advanced Placement European History
AP EURO RESEARCH LINKS
AP EURO STRESS RELIEF
How to Write a History Essay
For more A.P. links & links to sites on research, etc., check out my STUDY SKILLS - RESEARCH - WRITING - AP/SAT/REGENTS - COLLEGE INFO page.
NATIONAL HISTORY DAY
Info and links are available on my General U.S.A. History or General World History page.
EUROPE TODAY!
Search Europe
Europa: The European Union
InterKnowledge - European Destinations
The New Europe Group
European Unification
The European Union (EU)
Profile of the European Union (EU)
Treaty on European Union
Euro Help Organisation: Home Page
European Roof - Highest and Lowest Points
World Wide Events - Comprehensive events guide for Europe
European Cuisines ---
HMMMM, food and recipes from all over Europe! Great site! For more info on food from specific countries, please visit my FOOD IN HISTORY & AROUND THE WORLD page.
For more info on specific countries, please visit my Country Information page.
REVOLUTION
**** Info on the American, French, Scientific, and Political Revolutions! Super site!!! NM's Creative Impulse..Revolutions
Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions
TIMELINES: Age of Revolutions: 1789-1848
TIMELINE: 1848
1848 Personalities
The Revolution of 1848
The Revolutions of 1848: Essay by Mike White
The Revolutions of 1848: Essay by Jaffer Zaidi
Revolution and After: Contents
1848: REVOLUTION AND REACTION IN GERMANY
Check out the following pages from my site for info on the American Revolution, French Revolution, & Russian Revolution.
PRIMARY DOCUMENTS, MAPS,
TIMELINES
EuroDocs: Western European Primary Historical Documents
The Avalon Project at the Yale Law School - loads of documents here relating the U.S. and its Foreign Relations.
**** The Avalon Project: Major Collections - 12th century to the Present Day!
The Avalon Project: Laws of War
The Avalon Project: Economic and Legal Treatises
Internet Ancient History Sourcebook
Medieval Sourcebook
Internet Modern History Sourcebook
Historical Text Archive: Europe
EarthStation1.com - The Historical Sounds & Pictures Archive
EarthStation1.com - The Internet's #1 Audio - Visual Archive
MAPS: Europe
MAPS: Europe by Country
HISTORICAL MAPS: Europe
PERIODICAL HISTORICAL ATLAS OF EUROPE
TIMELINE: History of the World - Europe
TIMELINE: Development of Modern Western Civilizaiton
TIMELINE: Early Modern Europe
TIMELINE: Western and Central Europe
TIMELINE: Late Modern Europe
TIMELINE: Age of Liberalism: 1848-1914
TIMELINE: World Wars: 1900-1945
For more timelines on Western Civilization, check out the specific topics below.
For many, many more primary documents, maps, and images check out the specific topic and time periods below or on my Table of Contents page.
For more maps & timelines, please check my Maps, Flags, Timelines page.
VIKINGS, NORMANS,
ANGLO-SAXONS
Who Were the Vikings
Misuse of the term "Viking"?
TIMELINE: Scandinavian History Centering Upon the Viking Age
Regia Anglorum - Anglo-Saxon, Viking, Norman and British Living History 950-1066
Regia Anglorum Listings - Index of Topics
The World of the Vikings; the definitive guide to viking resources
Viking Home Page
The Viking Network Web
NOVA Online | The Vikings
BBC - History - Vikings
Viking Art: Ornamentation styles and the picture stones.
Medieval Scandinavia
General Viking and Scandinavian History Net Links
Viking Answer Lady Webpage
The Norse Mythology Web Page
Viking Age Technology Page
Viking Ship Answers
Original Valkyrie's
The Viking Home Page - Topics
Pastimes of the Viking and Anglo-Saxon Age
Music and Verse in Anglo-Saxon and Viking Times
Food And Drink in Anglo-Saxon England
Feasting and Fasting in Anglo-Saxon England
Games of the Viking & Anglo-Saxon Age
The Viking Saga
Index of The Viking Network Web
Do you speak Viking?
VIKINGS: THE NORTH ATLANTIC SAGA
The Norse in America
Vikings in America
Civilization.ca - Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga
Angelcynn - Anglo-Saxon Living History 400-900 AD
Wychwood Warriors Homepage
Vikings
Lief Ericson
Erik The Red
Who Were the Normans?
Brief History of the Normans
Norman Social Organisation and Feudalism
For more info, check out my Middle Ages page.
The Romans called them BARBARIAN!
TIMELINE: Barbarian Invasions: 200-1000
MAP: Barbarian Invasions, 5th and 6th Centuries
Who were the Barbarians?
History of the Barbarians
Famous Barbarians
Barbarian Philosophies and Beliefs
Barbarian Society and Government
Barbarian Daily Life
The Barbarians
Real Barbarians
The Barbarian Keep
Attila the Hun and Barbarian
Attila the Hun
Boadicea -- Queen of the Iceni
The Celts
First Europe Tutorial - Germanic Invasions
First Europe Tutorial - Frankish Empire
For more info, check out my Ancient Rome and Great Britain & the UK pages.
PIRATES!!!!
Did you know? Many sailors used to wear gold earrings so that they could afford a proper burial when they died.
Index
- Piracy
Pirates!
- for Kids from nationalgeographic.com
Pirate Image Archive
Origins of the "Jolly
Roger"
Pirate Facts
Legends - Pirates and
Privateers
Pirate History Links
Pirates Homepage
Pirate King's Home Page
The Islands of The
Bahamas/Pirates
Pirates of the Spanish Main
Pirates at the
City Art Centre
Blackbeard's Homepage: King of
Pirates
Pirates Homepage
About Women Pirates
Defiant
Women: Pirates
NATIONALISM -
IMPERIALISM - ANARCHISM
For info, check out my General World History page. For additional info on Imperialism, check my England, Great Britain, UK, 19th Century America, 20th Century America pages and specific countries on my Non-Western Cultures page.
ABSOLUTISM AND THE DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS
Divine Right of Kings
A Glossary of European Noble, Princely, Royal and Imperial Titles
OUTLINE: The Rise of Absolutism
MAP: Europe During the Age of Absolutism
Definition of Absolutism
Age of Absolutism
Absolutism : The Kingdom in/of Prussia, 1701-1795
Web Links - Age of Absolutism
Absolutism and Enlightenment
Age of Absolutism
The Path to Royal Absolutism
The Rise and Fall of the Absolute Monarchy
Absolutism in France
"Absolutism in the Seventeenth Century", essay by Tyler Jones
Age of Absolutism Review
Monarchs and Monasteries: Knowledge and Power in Medieval France
From Empire to Democracy
For info on Royalty Around the World, please check out the section on ROYALTY on my General World History page.
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR
The Thirty-Years War
The Thirty Years War: Home Page
Thirty Years War
HUNDRED YEARS WAR
MAPS: 100 Years' War
The Hundred Years' War
THE SEVEN YEARS WAR (known as the French & Indian War in America)
The Seven Year War Website
For much more, please visit my From Colonies to Revolution page.
THE HAPSBURGS, HOLY ROMAN
EMPIRE, & AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE
HABSBURG List HOME PAGE
The Habsburgs
Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman or Western Emperors
Habsburg Dynasty
The House of Hapsburg: Family Tree
The Imperial House of Hapsburg: Chapters
The Imperial House of Hapsburg
Society of the Golden Fleece
Austrian Orders & Medals of the Napoleonic Period
The Memorable Assassination of the Empress of Austria, by Mark Twain
Corvinus Library - Hungarian History
Probably the most interesting branch of service in Hungarian military history
Austria , Austro-Hungarian Empire-- Primary Documents
King George's War (War of the Austrian Succession)
Austrian Succession, War of the
Austria 1815-1850
WARS OF SUCCESSION
War of Spanish Succession
Austrian Succession, War of the
King George's War (War of the Austrian Succession)
CONGRESS OF VIENNA & CONCERT OF EUROPE
Europe 1815-1852
Congress of Vienna Overview
Congress of Vienna:
Personalities
Concert of Vienna Essay
Concert of Europe Overview
Concert of Europe: Personalities
Congress of Vienna Essay
Prince Metternich and the New Social Order
The Crimean War and the death of the Concert of Europe
PRUSSIA & FREDERICK THE GREAT
Absolutism : The Kingdom in/of Prussia, 1701-1795
Prussia 1800-1815
Prussia 1815-52
The Rise of Prussia
Fredericus Rex: Prussia's King Frederick the Great
Frederick the Great of Prussia
Frederick The Great's Works; Sun Tzu The Art of War and Strategy Site
Frederick II the Great - Olga's Gallery
munger.ca: Frederick the Great
Prussia's Emergence as a Military Power
MAPS: Frederick The Great's Campaigns and Battles
Frederick the Great's Military Instruction to Generals
Kant's "What Is Enlightenment"
Modern History Sourcebook: Frederick II: Essay on Government
CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Frederick II
For more on Frederick, check out the section on Absolutism above.
GERMANY
Did you know? Due to staggering inflation in the 1920's, 4,000,000,000,000,000,000 German marks were worth 1 US dollar.
PRIMARY DOCUMENTS: Germany
PRIMARY DOCUMENTS: 19th Century Germany
MAPS: Modern Germany
MAP: Toward the Unification of Germany, 1740-1871
MAP: Border between East and West Germany, pre 1991
TIMELINE: Germany: Struggle to Unify
Post-World War II German History (Chronology)
IMAGES: Treasures from the Saxon State Library
**** Lectures for the History of Modern Germany and its Main Page.
The Origins of Germany
German Antiquity
German Culture
Germany History
Germany
A History O' Germany
German Subject Catalogue
Documents in German History Project
Germanic Invasions of Western Europe
Medieval Sourcebook: Tacitus: Germania
Germany and the French Revolution
The Germanic Heritage Page
Germanic Myths, Legends, and Sagas
Medieval Germany
Luther and the Protestant Reformation
The Reformation in Germany
1848: REVOLUTION AND REACTION IN GERMANY
Germany, September Crisis 1848
Otto Von Bismarck
History: Otto von Bismarck and his Policies
THE PROCESS OF GERMAN UNIFICATION
The Heritage of Bismarck
The Second Industrial Revolution: Germany
The Ems Telegram, July 13, 1870
The Germans in South West Africa
A German Viewpoint on Imperialism
Roads to Ruins, the Castles of Germany
The Castle Neuschwanstein in Schwangau
Fall of the Weimar Republic, Germany
The U.S. Constabulary in Post-War Germany (1946-52)
For info on the World Wars, drop by my WWI
and WWII page.
For info on the Berlin Airlift, please check out my Marshall
Plan & Berlin Airlift page.
Exhibit: Kennedy at
the Berlin Wall, June 26, 1963
Berlin Wall
ODE TO JOY AND FREEDOM:
The Fall of the Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall History in
Text and Pictures
BiW: The Berlin Wall
IMAGE:
Brandenberg Gate on November 9, 1989
1989 -- The Walls
Came Tumbling Down
NEWSEUM: THE BERLIN
WALL/News Coverage
Chris De
Witt's Berlin Wall Website
The House at the
Bridge: A Story of Modern Germany by Katie Hafner
The Division and
Unification of Germany
Berlin
2000: A Case Study in Urban History
Berlin Info
The German Way and More
Famous Austrians,
Germans, Swiss
GERMAN AMERICAN
CULTURAL HERITAGE
GERMAN CUSTOMS,
TRADITIONS, ORIGINS OF HOLIDAYS
Statistical Office Germany
German American Corner: German American
Magazine and Business Guide
Deutsches Historisches Museum, German Historical
Museum
Education in Germany
Germany Online - German
Embassy - German Information Center
Maps, History, German Regions
and Heraldry
Map and References
for Germany
German genealogy:
Geographical Regions
SPAIN
FOCUS on SPAIN
PRIMARY DOCUMENTS: Spain
Another Spain Links Page
Welcome to Spain
Spain's History: Index
Spain History
Islamic/Spanish History
Spain under the Moors
Muslim Spain and European Culture
Alhambra
Sacred Places: Mosque of Córdoba, Spain
The Rise and Fall of the Spanish Empire.
Isabella I
King Phillip II of Spain
King Phillip II: rule over the Netherlands
Phillip II - the man
Letters of Philip II, King of Spain, 1592 - 1597
IGCSE History - Inter-War Period - Spain
TIMELINE & OUTLINE: Spanish Civil War and mirror site.
Spanish Civil War - Index
SPANISH REVOLUTION OF 1936
Guernica - bombing of Guernica
Abe Lincoln Brigade of the Spanish Civil War
They Still Draw Pictures -- The Spanish Civil War
Miro on the Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Revolution & Civil War 1936-1939
The Visual Front - Posters of the Spanish Civil War
Posters of the Spanish Civil War
Spanish Civil War volunteers gather for an emotional reunion, 1996
For info on Spain in the New World, check out my pages on From Colonies to Revolution, Texas History, and Meso and Latin America.
MEXICO AND LATIN AMERICA
Information on Mexico and Latin America is available on my
Meso and Latin America page.
ITALY
MAP: Unification of Italy, 1850s-1870s
Windows On Italy - History: Main Index
Windows On Italy - Main Index
The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy
Rome Sights and Walks
The Bourbons of Naples and the Constantinian Order
Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807-1882)
The Anthony P. Campanella Collection of Giuseppe Garibaldi
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Windows On Italy - History: the Risorgimento
Fascism in Italy
ITALIAN FRONT - WW2 Italian Military History and Reenactor Page
Vatican Exhibit Rome Reborn
Vatican Exhibit Main Hall
Leaning Tower of Pisa Statistics & Information
The Leaning Tower of Pisa - official web site
The Unofficial Leaning Tower of Pisa Web Site
Welcome at WALKSINSIDE VENICE - walking tours of Venice
Venice: Traditions Transformed
For info on Ancient Rome & Italy, drop by my Ancient Rome page.
For info on the Italian Renaissance, please visit my Renaissance page.
For info on the World Wars, drop by my WWI and WWII page.
THE BALKAN STATES,
BOSNIA, & THE CRISIS IN KOSOVO
MAPS: Kosovo & the Balkans
MAP: the Settlement
HISTORICAL MAPS: The Balkans
MAPS: Kosovo
MAPS: Bosnia
PRIMARY DOCUMENT: Kosovo - United Nations Security Council Resolution 1160
PRIMARY DOCUMENT: Kosovo - United Nations Security Council Resolution 1199
Geography and Map of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Geography
The Annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1908
The Birth of Nation States in Eastern Europe: 10th -13th Centuries
History of the Balkans, 1453-1918
ABC News.com: A Beginner's Guide to the Balkans
The war in Bosnia index
Genocide in the 20th Century - Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1992-95
NATO and U.N. Involvement in Bosnia
Twenty-Five Lectures on Modern Balkan History
Origins of Bosnia's ethnic groups
Bosnia: Can you blame history?
Bosnia and Balkans links
Bosnia War Crimes Tribunal
U.S. and NATO Objectives and Interests in Kosovo
Target Kosovo
TIME Daily: A Kosovo Primer, Key Players
TIME Daily: A Kosovo Primer
TIME Daily: The Kosovo Peace Plan
CNN In-Depth Specials - Focus on Kosovo
Kosovo Special Feature
The War Diaries By A.G. in Belgrade
Kosovo, United Nations Security Council
After Milosevic: A Practical Agenda for Lasting Balkans Peace
CNN.com In-Depth Specials - Milosevic
Crisisweb: the International Crisis Group on-line system - info on military conflict around the world.
Britannica.com: Worlds Apart: The Roots of Regional Conflicts
CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
EASTERN-CENTRAL EUROPE
Slav/Germ Manual: Guidelines for Czech Republic and Slovakia
Another Czech Republic Links Page
1968 -- The Year of the Barricades
RP's History Online - Prague Spring
Central Europe Online -- Daily News Home Page
Henry Bogdan - From Warsaw To Sofia
The Polish Nobility Association- Table of Contents
Info on specific countries can be found on my Country Information and specific time periods/events pages at Table of Contents.
Find info on the Ottoman Empire on Non-Western Cultures page.
HUNGARY & REVOLUTION
Hungarian Home Page
Hungarian history
Nationalism in Hungary, 1848-1867
The Institute for the History of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution
The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 & How it Affected the World
MACEDONIA
MAPS: Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
About Macedonia
History of Macedonia
Macedonia - Pan-Macedonian Network
PUNISHMENT & TORTURE IN WESTERN CIVILIZATION
CAUTION: The following sites have detailed descriptions and may be too intense for younger children:
55 Hours to Live- It's A Slow Death - A Heretic's Final Journey(the Inquisition)
REAL TORTURE - Torture history, political torture
Punishment Library
Curious Punishments of Bygone Days
Tortures and Torments of the Christian martyrs
The TITANIC
Encyclopedia Titanica: Main Page lists all the passengers and crew according to class(1st, 2nd, 3rd). It tells you if they survived or not and their personal stories. In some cases, if they did not survive you will even discover where the body was recovered and what personal effects they had with them. Very
in depth site.
For more info, visit the section on Naval History on my
General World History page.
WESTERN SIGNS & SYMBOLS
SYMBOLS.com -- encyclopedia of Western signs and ideograms
VARIOUS COUNTRIES
For in depth info on the following countries, visit my Great Britain & the UK,
France, Russia,
Non-Western Cultures, and
Country Information pages.
MISC. TOPICS
The European Ethnohistory Database
Digital Archive of European Architecture
Eighteenth-Century Chronology
Eighteenth-Century Resources
Eighteenth-Century Resources -- History
History of the European Family
Yellow Tulip Press Chapbooks: Titanic, Lizzie Borden, Queen Victoria, etc.
The History of Printing
Dry Drunk: The Culture of Tobacco in 17th- and 18th-century Europe
History House: Stories: Tulipomania
Sigmund Freud and the Freud Archives
Genocidal Acts During the Twentieth Century
Information about Switzerland
Web Links - The Ancien Regime
GENERAL & COMPREHENSIVE SITES
Western Civilization: From Prehistory to the Reformation
Western Civilization: From Byzantium to the French Revolution
Lectures on Ancient and Early Medieval History
Lectures on Twentieth Century Europe
Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History
Applied History Research Group - Multimedia History Tutorials
First Europe Tutorial - Home Page
Old World Contacts: Home Page
A FEW GEMS FROM THE MIDDLE AGES, RENAISSANCE, & THE REFORMATION
Western Civilization: From the Reformation to the Present
WESTERN CIVILIZATION: Prejudice and Pride, Peace and War
VOICE OF THE SHUTTLE HOME PAGE
HWC, Ancient Europe
HWC, Medieval Europe
HWC, Early Modern Europe
The History Guide
European Cultures
European History
Ursula's History Web
U.S. Department of State: Background Notes
Country Studies: Area Handbook Series (Library of Congress)
BBC Online - History
Western Civ Course Objectives
History(US and European) Reports, Essays, and Papers of Jonathan
Europe in Retrospect: A Brief History of the Past Two Hundred Years
Rick Steves' Europe Through the Back Door (ETBD)
welcome to information war homepage
WESTERN CIVILIZATION LINKS
FOR MORE INFO, CHECK OUT:
General Ancient History
General World History
General U.S.A. History
England, Great Britain, UK
France
Russia
Country Information
- Info & Statistics on countries all over the world
Maps, Flags, Timelines
- plus money, geography, calendars, time, holidays.
Non-Western Cultures - Asia, China, Japan, Africa, India, Middle East, Oceania, the Caribbean, & Various other cultures.
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