Discovery, Exploration, Colonies, & Revolution

Updated July 3, 2005

JUMP TO......
TIMELINES & MAPS / PRIMARY DOCUMENTS 

 DISCOVERY & EXPLORATION 

 NATIVE AMERICANS & COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE 

 EARLY COLONISTS, SETTLEMENTS , DAILY LIFE & 13 COLONIES 

 THE PURITANS, & RELIGION IN EARLY AMERICA 

 FRENCH & INDIAN WAR / SALEM WITCH TRIALS 

 LABOR, ECONOMY, & SLAVERY IN EARLY AMERICA 

 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 

 AMERICAN REVOLUTION 

 FRANKLIN, WASHINGTON, ADAMS, & JEFFERSON 

 ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION, THE CONSTITUTION, & FEDERALISM 

 THE EARLY REPUBLIC & MISC. SITES

TIMELINES FROM BEGINNINGS TO 1800
TIMELINE: European Explorations of America
  TIMELINE: Voyages of Exploration, 1486-1522 
AGE OF EXPLORATION TIME LINE
Explorers' Timeline 
  TIMELINE: Voyages of Exploration: 1405-1650 
Spanish Exploration and Colonization 1492-1542, 1565-1628 
Timeline of U.S. History from 1492-1750
The Colonial Period: 1497-1763 
Early Colonial Era Timeline(Beginnings to 1700)
English Colonial Era 1700 - 1763 Timeline
  American Discovery and Colonization Timeline 
  Timeline for the American Revolution 
  Timeline for the Making of the Constitution 
Prelude to Revolution(1763 - 1775) Timeline
Time Line -- America during the Age of Revolution, 1764-1775 
Conflict and Revolution 1775-1776 Timeline
  An Unlikely Victory 1777-1783 Timeline
Time Line -- America during the Age of Revolution, 1776-1789
  TIMELINE: American Revolution 
A New Nation 1784 - 1790 Timeline
Native American Chronology 1776-1830
1619 - 1861: Expansion, Slavery, and Civil War Timeline
Colonization/Colonial Timeline
Pocahontas/John Smith Timeline
Colonial and Revolutionary Periods Timeline
American Revolution Timeline
Confederation to Constitution Timeline
The Constitution and the Emergence of Political Parties Timeline
1788-1824: Early Republic Timeline
Salem Witch Trials Chronology
Chronology on the History of Slavery 1619 to 1789
American Music Timeline | Colonial Music
Jamestown: Timeline of Events and References
George Washington Papers: Time Line: Colonial Period
Colonial Williamsburg: Dateline
Colonial Latin America Chronology 
   Chronology: Colonial Life (1607-1750s) 
   Chronology: Prologue to Revolution & Revolutionary War(1754-1783) 
  Chronology: Articles Period & Federalist Era (1781-1800) 
  Eighteenth-Century Chronology
  



MAPS
***** Historical Maps of the United States 
  Reisenett: Historical Maps of the United States 
  ANIMATED MAP: American History: "Growth of a Nation"
  Zoom Into Maps 
  OUTLINE (BLANK) MAPS: HISTORICAL U.S. 
  MAPS: Regions of the United States 
   Links to North American Indian Map Pages by Phil Konstantin 
MAP: Early Indian Tribes, Culture Areas, & Linguistic Stocks - East U.S., West U.S.
  MAPS: Exploration and Discovery
  MAP: Route of Samuel de Champlain, 1607 
  European Voyages of Exploration - Great maps here!  
Map of the 13 Colonies
World Atlas, Thirteen Original USA Colonies 
  MAP: 13 Colonies 
  MAP: 13 Colonies (unlabeled)
Map: American Exploration - Before 1675
Map: American Colonies 1689 -1783
Map: French and Indian War
   MAP: European Land in the Americas 
Map: Colonial Settlement to 1750
   Map Showing the Siege Of Quebec in 1759
Map prior to Revolution
U.S. Territorial Growth - Colonies - 1775
U.S. Territorial Maps 1775
Map of Colonial America - 1763-1776 
Colonial Expansion through 1758
Rare Map Collection - Colonial America 
  Colonial Wars MAPS
American Revolution MAPS
The American Revolution and Its Era: Maps and Charts
U.S. Territorial Maps 1775-1920 
  MAP: Triangle Trade Routes 
  Timemap - US Borders
  More available under specific topic headings.
 

PRIMARY DOCUMENTS
The Americas: Primary Documents, Images, and Maps
  EyeWitness To The 17th Century - EyeWitness To The Eighteenth Century
Medieval Sourcebook: Exploration and Expansion 
  The Avalon Project: Chronology of American History 
  Papers of the War Department: 1784-1800
  The Library of Congress: Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers
  Chronological List of Primary Documents at the Library of Congress 
  NARA | Exhibit Hall | The Charters of Freedom 
The Avalon Project: Colonial Charters, Grants and Related Documents
The Avalon Project : Pre 18th Century Documents
The Avalon Project : 18th Century Documents
    The Avalon Project : British-American Diplomacy 
   The Hypertext Declaration of Independence
The Articles of Confederation (1781)
  The Avalon Project: The Federalist Papers 
USA: Jay Treaty 1794
The Avalon Project: The Jay Treaty; November 19, 1794 
Cultural Readings: Colonization and Print in the Americas 
  Cultural Readings: Spanish Representations of the New World 
Ogram's 17th Century New England Links: Primary Sources
  Spy Letters of the American Revolution
Governor William Berkely on Bacon's Rebellion
Historical Text Archive: United States 
  Image Gallery: American Revolution 
  Fact, Fiction & the New World: The Role of Books in the Making of America
 
More documents can be found under specific topic headings below. Also, find more documents on my General U.S.A. History page.

 EXPLORATION & DISCOVERY
**** Discoverers Web Homepage - Jump straight to Discoverers Web: Alphabetical list
Explorers - A - EnchantedLearning.com
  Biographies of Explorers and Associated People 
Europeans weren't the ONLY explorers!  Check out Ibn Batuta (1307-1377 CE): Arab equivalent of Marco Polo and Chinese Mariner Cheng Ho (Zheng He) 
   Clockworks: Astrolabe
Origins of the Compass Rose Symbology 
  Latitude: The Art and Science of Fifteenth-Century Navigation 
Dead Reckoning (DR) navigation
Celestial Navigation
  The Evolution of Steering Ships 
Distance: How long was a league?
  The Age of Exploration 
  The Age of Discovery
  PRINCE HENRY, THE NAVIGATOR 
  EARLY NAVIGATION METHODS 
   AGE OF EXPLORATION TIME LINE 
  Ships of Exploration : Santa Maria and Spaceship America 
  THE SHIPS: 1480 to 1750: The Age of Exploration and Exploitation 
  THE EXPLORATIONS OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 
    Medieval Sourcebook: Exploration and Expansion 
Explorer Webquest - Wanted: Explorers Webquest
   TIMELINE: Voyages of Exploration, 1486-1522 
TIMELINE: Voyages of Exploration: 1405-1650
Timeline: European Explorations of America - For more, check out TIMELINE section above. 
  Vikings In The New World - V I K I N G S : T H E   N O R T H   A T L A N T I C   S A G A 
The Discovery of America. 
  Discovery and Reformation
  The History of the Spice Trade 
    ***** European Voyages of Exploration - Geography/Cartography - Winds and Routes - Shipbuilding - European Maritime Superiority - Way of War - The Sugar & Slave Trades - Religion - Communication - Iberian Pioneers - Prince Henry the Navigator - The Portuguese Empire - Imperial Spain - Christopher Columbus - Atlantic Islands - The Caribbean - Latin America - Aztec Empire - The Inca Empire - Brazil - Asia 
  THE INFLUENCE OF SPICE TRADE ON THE AGE OF DISCOVERY 
  THE IMPACT OF DISCOVERY ON EUROPE 
  Introduction to Exploration of the Northwest Passage 
    Amerigo Vespucci - How the Americas was named 
European Voyages of Exploration: Iberian Pioneers 
Discovery: The Beginnings
Discovery: The Portugese 
    Discovery: The "New World"
Discovery: The Spanish Empire
  P B S : C o n q u i s t a d o r s
  Hispanic, Exploration and Conquest of North America (1492-1541)
Spanish Colonial America 
   New Spain: The Frontiers of Faith 
   Spanish Conquest of Native America
New Spain-Index - Much more on NEW SPAIN below in the section on EARLY COLONISTS and on my Texas History page. 
   New Netherlands and New Sweden in North America - For more on NEW NETHERLANDS and NEW SWEDEN, check out the EARLY COLONISTS section below.  
   New France: The Explorers - Encyclopedia: New France: Much more on NEW FRANCE (and the Fur Trade) in the EARLY COLONISTS section below.
  Humanities-Interactive The New World Exhibitions
Conquest of America by Hernando de Soto and Cabeza de Vaca
Native American Conquest for Teens: Hernando de Soto
    Exploration and Discovery Home Page
The Mariners' Museum - Age of Exploration educational curriculum
   Cultural Readings - Colonial Fictions, Colonial Histories
Cultural Readings: Colonization and Print in the Americas 
  Writing & Re-writings of the Discovery and Conquest of America 
Prints of World Explorations
  John Cabot's Voyage of Discovery
Cabot's Voyage of 1497: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage 
Map: The Coronado Expedition 1540-1542
Sir Francis Drake's Lost Harbor Found at Whale Cove, Oregon
Ian Chadwick's Biography of Henry Hudson, 17th century explorer
Henry Hudson: an Englishman in Dutch service
  Ferdinand Magellan 
    The Illustrating Traveler: ADVENTURE AND ILLUSTRATION IN NORTH AMERICA
QUIZZES & GAMES: Quia - Early Explorers - Quia - HISTORY: Age of Exploration Vocabulary - LOADS of US History games and quizzes on my US General History page!  


CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
Columbus in American History
Introduction to 1492: An Ongoing Voyage 
  CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS THE GENOESE 
  THE EXPLORATIONS OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 
The Columbus Navigation Homepage
Christopher Columbus
The Columbus Landfall Homepage
    Christopher Columbus
  Columbus and the Age of Discovery
1492 -- Christopher Columbus - The Man and the Myth
Teachnet.Com: The Two Sides of Columbus
The Crimes of Christopher Columbus 
  Researching Columbus: Encounters and Exchanges 
Columbus Monuments 
The Columbus Doors 
The Columbus Santa Maria Home Page - Take a ride on a modern day reconstruction. 


...BUT, LEIF WAS FIRST!
The Norse Discovery of America Index  
Vikings in America
More Vikings in America
  Modern History Sourcebook: The Discovery of North America by Leif Ericsson  
Lief Ericson
More Leif Ericsson 
NORSE ENCAMPMENT - Introduction
  V I K I N G S : T H E   N O R T H   A T L A N T I C   S A G A
  Full Circle First Contact 
More on the Vikings on my Western Civilization page.


LAS CASAS CONDEMNS EUROPEAN EXPLORATION ON THE AMERICAS
Bartolomé de Las Casas and the Black Legends

NATIVE AMERICANS
First Nations Histories - New and ambitious site with history and links to tribal histories.
United States History: America Before the Europeans
Native American Chronology 1776-1830

MAP: Early Indian Tribes, Culture Areas, & Linguistic Stocks - East U.S.
Links to North American Indian Map Pages by Phil Konstantin 
  Tribal Name Meanings
  A New World of Words: Amerindian Languages in the Colonial World
Native American Religion in Early America
Spanish Conquest of Native America
The Illustrating Traveler: Customs of the Country
The Illustrating Traveler: Encountering Native Americans
  The First Nations of the New-France era
  FUR TRADE: The Indian an indispensable partner
  The Canoe: portraits of the great fur trade canoes
Pequot War - 1637 / Pequot War / From the London Plantation to The Pequot War
Iroquois War: 1642-1653/ The Iroquois Creation/ The Iroquois League/ The Iroquois Constitution
   King Philip'sWar: 1675-1676 / King Philip's War (1675-6) / King Philip's War
King William's War (War of the League of Augsburg): 1689-1697
Queen Anne's War (War of the Spanish Succession): 1702-1713 / Queen Anne's War
    Tuscarora Indian War: 1711-1713
King George's War (War ofthe Austrian Succession): 1744-1748
Fallen Timbers (1791) Battlefield Archaeological Project Home Page
  The Blackhawk War, 1831-1832
Missionaries and Indians
  Narragansett Indians' Teepee
New World Cultures
   The Illustrating Traveler: ADVENTURE AND ILLUSTRATION IN NORTH AMERICA
  Native Americans and the Land, Nature Transformed 
  "Wordsand Deeds: Natives, Europeans, and Writing in Eastern American, 1500 -1800" 
Info on Pocahontas can be found below in the section on Jamestown.
For much more, visit my Native Americans & 19th Century America (Section on the West) pages!



THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
Chart: The Columbian Biological Exchange
    CHANGES BROUGHT ABOUT BY ENCOUNTER BETWEEN 'OLD' AND 'NEW' WORLDS
  Columbian Exchange
  Columbian Exchanges
    The Columbian Exchange, Native Americans and the Land, Nature Transformed
The Columbian Exchange 
  The Columbian Exchange
  Columbian Exchange. The Historians Perspective
History of Medicine - Plagues and Peoples: the Columbian Exchange
Columbian Exchange - Essay Related Links
  Travel and the Emergence of Infectious Diseases
  Smallpox and the American Indians
  Modern History Sourcebook: Smallpox, Indians, and Blankets
  Jeffrey Amherst and Smallpox Blankets
HISTORY: Where Food Crops Originated
Views of an Expanding World - Columbian Exchange
Columbian Exchange 
Silent Killers of the New World 
  Columbian Exchange DBQ
 

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
French and Indian War Chronology 
The Seven Year War Website 
  Background of the French and Indian War 
  Web Index of The French and Indian War 
  1755 - The French and Indian War Homepage 
   French Marine Homepage 
      Fort Necessity
   Glossary of Eighteenth-Century Military Terms
    British Music of the French and Indian War 
    THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR ... Mohican History Links 
  SCALPING DURING THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 
  French Crown Forces of Louis XV 
  USA: French and Indian War -Index 
  USA:(2)British and French clash 
  The French and Indian War 
  HOW NEWSPAPERS COVERED THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 
  Treaty of the French & Indian War 
  USA: Paristreaty 1763 
  French and Indian War's Impact on America
  French and Indian War - Uniforms Chart for British Regiments (Army) 
  How did the French and Indian War sow the seeds of discontent? 
  WarMuseum.ca - Wars on Canadian Soil, earliest times to 1885 - The Seven Years' War
 

THE EARLY COLONISTS AND THE SHIPS IN WHICH THEY TRAVELED
Guide to Immigration Records and Ship's Passenger Lists-Table of Contents
Ship's Passenger Lists and Indexes
Genealogy.com: Finding a ship name with passenger lists
Genealogy Resources on the Internet - WWW/Passenger lists; Ships


MIGRATIONS
***** History of International Migration Site - We all had to come from somewhere!

THE EARLY COLONISTS, SETTLEMENTS, COLONIAL DAILY LIFE, & THE 13 COLONIES
GENERAL SITES
TIMELINE: Early Colonial Era to 1700Colonization/Colonial Timeline, and Colonial Dateline - For more, check out the TIMELINE section above.
  Map of the 13 Colonies and Colonial America, 1776 (.pdf file) - For more maps, check out the MAP section above.
  Colonial economy 17-18th centuries and Colonial Period - Economy - For more on colonial economy, money, indentured servants, & racial slavery - check out the section on COLONIAL LABOR & ECONOMY.
  WELCOME TO ARCHIVING EARLY AMERICA
  Explore the World of Early America through the Media of the Day  
  Archiving Early America - Short On-Line Movies
  Early American History Interactive Crossword Puzzles 
Colonial Life
  Colonial America 
  13 Originals 
  Colonial Era 1500 - 1754 
   The French and English Colonial Empires 
  17th Century New England 
  Colonial History 1607-1783 
      PROVINCIAL AMERICA AND THE STRUGGLE FOR A CONTINENT 
  AMERICAN VALUES IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT: THE HERITAGE OF THINKING TO 1789
  Historical Glossary 
  Making of America 
  Colonial Geography 
  Common-place: The Interactive Journal of Early American Life 
  American History before 1865 
  Colonists in the New World 
  Creating A Colony In The New Land 
  Cultural Readings: Colonization and Print in the Americas 
  The Charters 
  "A PRACTICAL EXPERIMENT IN COLONIZATION" 
   Colonial Guide - the colonial resource 
  History of International Migration Site  
  Welcome to Colonial Williamsburg
  Colonial Williamsburg: History Almanack 
  Life in Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia 
     Colonial Williamsburg Foundation History 
  Colonial Life
  An Outline of American History - The Colonial Period 
   MILESTONE EVENTS - Archiving Early America 
   Gallery of Early American Portraits - great pictures for reports, etc.
  Notable Women of Early America - Archiving Early America
Colonial Hall: Biographies of America's Founding Fathers 
  Colonial Williamsburg: Meet the People 
***** Religion and the Founding of the American Republic & The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries - Divining America - For more on colonial religion, check out the section on the PURITANS & RELIGION IN EARLY AMERICA.
  The Early America Review 
  US History - Colonial Cycle 
  COLONIAL ERA PHOTOS ... Glimpses Into The Life & Times
  THE FIRST OFFICIAL FRONTIER OF THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY 
  The Frontier In American History: THE OLD WEST WAS THE ATLANTIC COAST 
   Early America 
   The Colonial Period 
Colonial Settlement Index
  USA: Outline of American History 
  The Illustrating Traveler: Customs of the Country
  The Illustrating Traveler: Encountering Native Americans
    Colonial America 1600-1775, K12 Resources
      Early American History and Culture, 1500s-1865
  John Bull and Uncle Sam: Four Centuries of British-American Relations
  AMERICA IN THE EUROPEAN IMAGINATION TO 1760s: US TO 1789 
  Features - Chronicling Black Lives in Colonial New England - For more on the transition from indentured servitude to racial slavery, check out the section on COLONIAL LABOR & ECONOMY.
You Be the Historian and You Be the Historian: For Teachers are great sites! Investigate life in Delaware 200 years ago.
  Quia - Java Games - Original Colony Founders and Quia - Rags to Riches - US History - Colonial Challenge! - FANTASTIC INTERACTIVE GAMES AND QUIZZES!!! 
MORE BELOW IN THE SECTIONS "Colonial Daily Life" & "The Original 13 Colonies."

EARLY SETTLEMENTS: New France - New Spain - New Netherlands - New Sweden - ROANOKE, JAMESTOWN, MAYFLOWER/PILGRIMS, ETC.
ROANOKE
The Colony of Roanoke 
    Colony at Roanoke - 1586 
   First English Settlement - Roanoke
  ROANOKE: LIFE IN THE COLONY 
  Roanoke: Theories of What Happened
  The Roanoke Colony of "Virginia" from De Bry's Grand Voyages.
  Roanoke Theories
  The Search for the Lost Colony - Fort Raleigh National Historic Site
Virginia Dare / The first European child born in America  

JAMESTOWN - CHESAPEAKE - POCAHONTAS
TIMELINE: Events Leading up to and through the founding of Jamestown 
  OUTLINE: Jamestown and Indian Women 
  Jamestown Virtual Colony 
  English Society in the New World
  Colonization of Jamestown
  A Brief History of Jamestown, Virginia
History of Jamestown
  Welcome to the APVA and Jamestown Rediscovery
  Jamestown Rediscovery Findings
  Lists of Jamestown Settlers by Occupation 
  Lecture Notes on Plymouth and Jamestown 
  Teaching About Jamestown | Organization of Society 
  Teaching About Jamestown | Broader Themes 
  The Women of Jamestown and Native Villages 
  Plymouth and Jamestown: A Comparison 
  Virginia Visions: The Powhatan Confederacy 
Pocahontas 
  The Pocahontas Myth - Powhatan Renape Nation 
  The Real Pocahontas 
  Native Opinions on Pocahontas 
  Pocahontas/John Smith Timeline 
  Colonial Encounters in the Chesapeake 
  Pocahontas, Indians, Chesapeake 
  Pocahontas, from Fiction to Fact: Using Disney s Film to Teach the True Story 
  On the Trail of Captain John Smith: A Jamestown Adventure
 

MAYFLOWER - PILGRIMS - PLYMOUTH - THANKSGIVING
Field Trip: Before the Pilgrims
Plimoth Plantation - Online Learning Center
  Plimoth Plantation Historical Background 
  The Mayflower Web Pages 
  A Complete Mayflower Passenger List
  Common Mayflower Myths 
  Pilgrim Myths and Realities 
  PlYMOUTH MA - ITS HISTORY AND PEOPLE 
  AMERICA'S HOMEPAGE!! PLYMOUTH, MASS
Colonization of Plymouth Colony 
     Informed ReSource: Mayflower Compact
  The Avalon Project: Charter of the Colony of New Plymouth Granted to William Bradford 
  Mayflower And Early Families
  Women on the Mayflower and more Women on the Mayflower  
  Girls on the Mayflower and more Girls on the Mayflower
  Pilgrim Clothing 
  The Plymouth Colony Archive Project 
    THE FIRST THANKSGIVING PROCLAMATION - JUNE 20, 1676 
  Thanksgiving 
  THE FIRST THANKSGIVING
  Thanksgiving Information
  Top 10 Myths About Thanksgiving 
Thanksgiving Coloring Pages
  Not Just for Kids! An American Thanksgiving for Kids and Families
  Not Just for Kids! Thanksgiving Color Sheets
  Not Just for Kids! Thanksgiving Fun
  Thanksgiving Mazes 

NEW SPAIN
Discovery: The Spanish Empire
  P B S : C o n q u i s t a d o r s
  Hispanic, Exploration and Conquest of North America (1492-1541)
Spanish Colonial America 
   New Spain: The Frontiers of Faith
  New Spain-Index 
  Spanish Conquest of Native America 
    Cultural Readings: Spanish Representations of the New World  
For much more, check out the section above on DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION and please visit my Texas History page.

THE SPANISH MISSIONS
Index to California Missions Information
California Missions Interactive Home Page
California Missions
The Spanish Missions of California
The Spanish Missions of California: History, architecture and art
   Mission Churches of the Sonoran Desert
Mission History 
Missionaries and Indians 
  Bartolomé de Las Casas and the Black Legends 
For info on the Spanish Missions of Texas, visit my Texas History page.

THE OLDEST STONE FORT IN AMERICA
Castillo de San Marcos Online
The Castillo de San Marcos: Virtual Tour
The Castillo de San Marcos: Visual Glossary - Super site with definitions and pictures of fort terms.

NEW FRANCE AND THE FUR TRADE
Virtual Museum of New France
French Colonies in America 
French Presence in North America 
  Historic Figures of New France 
  Glossary - Vocabulary of New France 
  Glossary - Places and institutions in New France 
  New France: The Explorers 
   The Fur Trade in New France 
  The Beaver Fur Hat
  The Fur Trade in New France: Les Coureurs des Bois 
  The Fur Trade in New France: Voyageurs and Hired Men 
  The Indian an indispensable partner 
  The Canoe: portraits of the great fur trade canoes 
  New France: The Seigneurs 
  The First Nations of the New-France Era 
  QUEBEC, NEW FRANCE CULTURE 
    Explorers of Canada - Index 
  The Virtual Museum of New-France: Samuel de Champlain 
    MAP: Route of Samuel de Champlain, 1607  

NEW NETHERLANDS (The Dutch)
Dutch Colonization 
  New Netherland Project 
  The United States of America and the Netherlands 
The Dutch in the Americas
New Netherlands and New Sweden in North America history
  NY, NY 1630-1639 
  About Peter Minuit 
The Atlantic World: America and the Netherlands Home 

NEW SWEDEN
New Sweden 
  More New Sweden 
  Brief History of New Sweden in America  
  New Netherlands and New Sweden in North America history 

COLONIAL DAILY LIFE
GOVERNMENT - PUNISHMENT - POLITICS
Politics in Colonial Virginia 
  Emergence of Colonial Government 
  CHART: How democratic was colonial America? 
  Justice in the Colonies: How did Colonists deal with Criminals? 
  Curious Punishments of Bygone Days 
  Virtual Law Office: Royal Proclamation of 1763  

SCHOOLING & EDUCATION
The Education of John Quincy Adams 
  Education for Boys and Girls 
  Education in Colonial America 
  Colonial Period of American Education 
  Schooling and Culture flourish 
  Schooling, Education, and Literacy in Colonial America 
  Society, Schools and Culture 
  Colonial Schools
  Hornbook (circa 1750) - Colonial Hornbooks - Hornbooks come in different forms 
  EXAMPLES OF SLATES - School Slates 
  Battledores - Early Reading Books
  The New England Primer 
  1805 New England Primer Contents 
  Higher Education in the Colonial Era? 

WORK - OCCUPATIONS
Colonial Occupations 
  More Colonial Occupations 
  Colonial Work 
  Trades 
Tools
  Occupations and Trades of the Eighteenth Century 
  TRADES and CRAFTSMEN 
The Colonial Period - Women in Industry
  Colonial Williamsburg Lesson Plan: Signs of the Times 
  Samples of Signs from Colonial Williamsburg 
  List of Occupations and the names from which they derived 
  Indentured Servitude in Colonial America 
For info on the transition from indentured servitude to racial slavery, check out the section on COLONIAL LABOR & ECONOMY.

NEWSPAPERS
THE FIRST NEWSPAPER - Archiving Early America 
  Explore the World of Early America through the Media of the Day 
  History Buff, Colonial American Newspapers 
  Newspaper Production 1692-1792 
  Colonial Newspapers: The press asserts its freedom 
  John Peter Zenger - Freedom of Speech 
  History Buff - The Acquittal of John Peter Zenger 
  Early American BookMarks - Peter Zenger and Freedom of the Press 
  PAGES FROM THE PAST - Archiving Early America 

WOMEN - CHILDREN - FAMILY
LIBERTY! . Perspectives . Daily Life in the Colonies | PBS 
  Courtship in Early America 
  Childbirth in Early America 
  Women During Colonial Times: 1700 - 1800 
  Women in Colonial America 
     Images of the Colonial Family and Beyond 
  Colonial Families 
  Colonial Children 
  Naming Children in Early New England 
  Children in Colonial Times 
More Children in Colonial America 
  Colonial Kids: A Celebration of Life  in the 1700's 
  Children Info-Daily Life 
  Colonial America and Children's Literature 
  Changing Images of Childhood in America: Colonial, Federal and Modern New England 

FOOD
Recipes from Colonial Williamsburg 
  New England Style Recipes 
  Colonial History, Kitchens, and Books 
  Kitchen Trivia 
    Colonial Taverns 
  Historic Spanish Colonial & Mexican Recipes
  The History of the Spice Trade 
  America Enters the Spice Trade 
  Popcorn Exhibit - NAL Special Collections 
For info on Thanksgiving, check out the PILGRIM section above.
Also, check out my FOOD IN HISTORY & AROUND THE WORLD page.


HEALTH
A Physick's Guide to Common Diseases And Cures 
  Colonial Diseases
MEDICINE AND HEALTH 
  Were They All Shorter Back Then?
  Dead at Forty?  
  Death in Early America 
   COLONIAL DISEASES & CURES 
  Liberty: Medicine
  The English Physitian Nicholas Culpeper 1616-1654
  Apothecary 

CLOTHING
Sewing in Plymouth Colony 
  18th Century Clothing at Colonial Williamsburg - Anatomy of a Gown 
  Colonial House . Interactive History . Dress Up | PBS 
  Men's Fashion of the 18th Century - Intro
  Women's Fashion of the 18th Century - Intro
  Fashion In The 18th Century - Clothing Central
  The Costumer's Manifesto: 18th Century Costume Resources Online 
   More Colonial Clothing
 
For more, check out my FASHION: PAST AND PRESENT page.

PASTIMES - FUN - MUSIC - ART - GAMES - HOLIDAYS - ETC.
Toys and Games for Kids in Colonial Maryland
  LEISURE TIME AND GAMES 
  MUSIC AND DANCE 
  Colonial Games and Toys 
    American Music Timeline | Colonial Music 
  Colonial Music Institute 
  About Early American Music 
  Amusements in Colonial New England
  Christmas in Colonial Virginia
  America's First Great Portrait Artist - John Singleton Copley 
  NGA - American Portraits of the Late 1700s and Early 1800s 
  Early American History and Culture, 1500s-1865 
For more on the history of American Art, check out my Art & Galleries page.

MISC. COLONIAL DAILY LIFE
Religion in Early Virginia - For more on colonial religion, check out the section on the PURITANS & RELIGION IN EARLY AMERICA.
  Religion in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 
  LIBERTY! . Perspectives . Daily Life in the Colonies | PBS 
  Colonial House | PBS 
  Colonial House . Interactive History | PBS 
  Myth and Reality in Plimoth 
  The 18th Century Town
  Gardening 
  What Is It? - U.S. Everyday Items from 1777-1820
    George Washington's Rules of Civility 
  Animals in Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia 
  Meet the People 
  Colonial Homes
  Historic Exhibition Buildings at Colonial Williamsburg 
  COLONIAL ERA PHOTOS ... Glimpses Into The Life & Times
  Colonial Living: A Look at the Arts, Crafts, History, and Literature of Early Americans 
  The Architecture of New England and the Southern Colonies as it Reflects the Change in Colonial Life  
  JEWS IN THE LANDS OF THE COLONIAL POWERS OF AMERICA 
  The African and the Pequot in Colonial America 
  Connecticut Life in the 1770s 
  Explore the World of Early America through the Media of the Day 
Colonial African Americans - For more on the transition from indentured servitude to racial slavery, check out the section on COLONIAL LABOR & ECONOMY.

THE ORIGINAL 13 COLONIES
For more on the 13 colonies, past and present, please visit my 50 states page.
TIMELINE: English Colonial Era 1700 - 1763 - For more, check out the TIMELINE section above. 
  Map of the 13 Colonies and Colonial America, 1776 - For more maps, check out the MAP section above.
CHART: American Colonies
   OUTLINE: Colonial Beginnings
  OUTLINE: 18th Century American Colonies 
  Remembering The Original Thirteen Colonies In Order
  13 Originals 

NEW ENGLAND
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut
The New England Colonies
  New England Colonies
  Puritan New England 
  Puritanism in New England
More on Puritanism in New England 
MASSACHUSET TRIBE HISTORY 
  Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1640-1700 
  Massachusetts history
The Cartographic Creation of New England: Index 
  Comparison Between New England & the South
   Ogram's 17th Century New England Links: Primary Sources
  Colonial America and more Colonial America 
  Colonial House | PBS 
  Colonial America 1600-1775, K12 Resources 
  Chronology: Colonial Life (1607-1750s) 
  Colonial Era 1500 - 1754 
  The Puritan Origins of the American Wilderness Movement 
  New England Style Recipes  
NEW ENGLAND TO 1789: REGIONAL HISTORY & CULTURAL LIFE
  Find specific state history on my 50 states page. 

MIDDLE COLONIES
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware
The Middle Colonies
  Middle Colonies 
   Colonial Encounters in the Chesapeake
Horseneck Founders of Newark, New Jersey
     THE MID-ATLANTIC TO 1789: REGIONAL HISTORY AND CULTURAL LIFE
  The Middle Colonies as the Birthplace of American Religious Pluralism 
Find specific state history on my 50 states page. 

SOUTHERN COLONIES
Virginia, Maryland, Carolina (North & South), Georgia
The Southern Colonies 
  Southern Colonies
  Comparison Between New England & the South
Politics in Colonial Virginia 
   THE SOUTH TO 1789: REGIONAL HISTORY AND CULTURAL LIFE 
Find specific state history on my 50 states page. 

QUIZZES ON THE 13 COLONIES
Quia - Java Games - Original Colony Founders 
   "Check What You May Already Know" About the 13 Colonies 
  13 Colony Map - Guess and Learn 
  Early American History Interactive Crossword Puzzles 


THE PURITANS - RELIGION IN EARLY AMERICA - THE FIRST GREAT AWAKENING
THE PURITANS
What is a Puritan? 
American Puritanism 
  What's the difference between the Pilgrims and the Puritans? 
     Pilgrims and Puritans: Background 
  Puritan New England 
  The Origins of Puritanism 
  Those Misunderstood Puritans 
  The Puritan Tradition and American Memory 
  Puritanism in New England 
Puritanism and Predestination
Cotton Mather Home Page
Anne Hutchinson: American Jezebel or Woman of Courage?
The Trial of Anne Hutchinson 
Hall of Church History - The Puritans
     Puritanism & Colonial Period: to 1700
   Puritans in Colonial America
  John Winthrop's City upon a Hill, 1630 
  The Puritan Origins of the American Wilderness Movement 

RELIGION IN EARLY AMERICA & THE GREAT AWAKENING
Religion and the Founding of the American Republic (Library of Congress) 
  The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries - Divining America: Religion 
     Native American Religion in Early America 
  European Voyages of Exploration: Religion
  America as a Religious Refuge: the 17th Century 
  Religion in 18th-Century America 
  Religion and the American Revolution 
  Religion and the Congress of the Confederation, 1774-89 
   Religion, Women, and the Family in Early America
  The search for Religious and Political Freedom 
  Colonial Religion 
  Religion in Early Virginia 
    Strict Religion rules New England 
  USA: The Maryland Toleration Act 
  The Religious Society of Friends: Quaker History 
  Introduction to "Quakers in Brief" 
  Quaker Introductory Booklet 
Quaker Pages
     William Penn, America's First Great Champion for Liberty and Peace 
  William Penn in Pennsylvania 
  More on William Penn 
History and Origin of the Shakers
  The Middle Colonies as the Birthplace of American Religious Pluralism 
  The Church of England in Early America 
  John Winthrop's City upon a Hill, 1630 
    TIMELINE: The "Great Awakening" - 1738-1784
OUTLINE: The First Great Awakening 
  The First Great Awakening
Spiritual leaders during Great Awakening 
  The Joseph Bellamy House: The Great Awakening in Puritan New England 
For info on the Second Great Awakening and Religion in the 19th century, check out the RELIGION section on my 19th Century America webpage.


The Trial of George Jacobs, 1692 by T.E. Matteson, 1855, from the Peabody-Essex Museum.

WITCHCRAFT & THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS
TIMELINE: Salem Witch Trials Chronology
  Salem Massachusetts Witch Trials 
  The Salem Witch Museum - Salem, Massachusetts 
Interactive MAP of Salem Village - The Salem Witchcraft GIS
Salem @ nationalgeographic.com 
  The Salem Witchcraft Trials
  Salem Witch Trials Documentary Archive 
  The 1692 Salem Witch Trials:  Documents and Participants 
  List of all Persons Accused of Witchcraft in 1692 
  The Salem Witch Trials, 1692 
  Religious Movements Homepage: The Salem Witch Trials 
  Biographies of Key Figures in the Salem Witchcraft Trials
   The Witching Hours: Medieval Through Enlightenment Period
  Witchcraft in Salem Village: Intersections of Religion and Society
     The Witch Hunts 
        Ogram's 17th Century New England Links: Index
  Salem Witch Trials: Stories of Accused Witches
   REBECCA NURSE HOMESTEAD
  Sarah Pease - Accused Salem Witch - 1692 
  Salem Witch Trials - Individuals Involved - Accusers - Accused - Judges 
     Ann Putnam, Jr.
   Salem Witch Museum Education - Salem, Massachusetts
Robert Calef: Opposer of Witch Trials, 1700
  FAQ's About the Salem Witch Trials
Roger Conant and Salem
  Salem Witch Trials Memorial
   Groton In The Witchcraft Times
  Witch Craze Links: American Witch Trials 
   Mary Bradbury's Trial
Andover Petition
  The Carey Document: On The Trail of a Salem Death Warrant 
  Warrent vs. Tituba and Sarah Osborne 
Rev. Increase Mather’s Report of his Conversation in Prison with Sarah Wilson
Recognizance for Sarah Wilson, Sr. and Sarah Wilson, Jr.
      National Geographic's Salem Witch Hysteria Ask an Expert
American fanaticism in witch hunts and special prosecutors
  Ogram's 17th Century New England Links: Increase & Cotton Mather
Ogram's 17th Century New England Links: Primary Sources
Salem, Massachusetts - Welcome
Ogram's 17th Century New England Links: Hollywood
Arthur Miller's The Crucible: Fact & Fiction
    Cotton Mather Home Page
Curious Punishments of Bygone Days
 
55 Hours to Live- It's A Slow Death - **** torture methods used on witches. CAUTION, may be too intense for younger students.
For info on Witchcraft in Medieval Europe, check out my Castles, Plague, Witch Trials webpage.

LABOR - ECONOMY - MERCANTILISM - TRANSITION FROM SERVITUDE TO SLAVERY
ECONOMY
Mercantilism in Practice and the (Resulting?) American Revolution 
  Mercantilism
  MAP: Colonial Trade Pattern, North Atlantic, 18th Century 
Colonial Period - Economy
  Colonial economy 17-18th centuries: mining and mercantilism
Mercantilism
  The Early Years of the United States - Colonization of the United States  
  The History of the Spice Trade 
  America Enters the Spice Trade 
  Thomas Mun: England's Treasure by Foreign Trade 
  American Economic History
  American Economic Growth: Movement South and Westward 
  Public Lands & Land Grants
 
For info on occupations of the Colonial Period, check out the DAILY LIFE section above.

MONEY
FRBSF: A Brief History of Currency
FRBSF Currency Exhibit: Colonial and Continental Currency
The Leslie Brock Center for the Study of Colonial Currency
Leslie V. Brock: The Colonial Currency, Prices, and Exchange Rates
Colonial and Continental Currency
The Earliest Money Using the Dollar as a Unit
The Value of Money in Colonial America
Commercial Banking in Colonial America
The First Printed Currency - 1690
COLONIAL CURRENCY (Table of Contents)
COLONIAL CURRENCY: Full Listing by State
Colonial Coins by State
Fundamental Facts about U.S. Money
For more on the history of U.S. money, please visit my U.S. Government page.

FROM INDENTURED SERVITUDE TO RACIAL SLAVERY
Subject: Indentured Servants
Indentured Servants
BACKGROUND INFO: INDENTURED SERVANTS
The Life of the Indentured Servant
Indentured Servants
  The Life and Trials of Indentured Servants 
Indentured Servants and Transported Convicts
On the Misfortune of Indentured Servants 
USA: Misfortune of Indentured Servants 
  Indentured Servitude in Colonial America 
Virtual Jamestown - Labor Contracts 
Indenture Contract of William Buckland
Virtual Jamestown - Indentured Servants - SEARCH
Sales contract between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison for an indentured servant's remaining term
Slaves and Servants | Resources
Indentured Servants and Slave Prices 
Indentured Servants and Slavery 
  From Indentured Servitude to Racial Slavery 
  Civil Rights; The Case for Slavery - part of Civil Rights. Table of Contents, some great articles. 
  European Voyages of Exploration: The Sugar & Slave Trades 
  TIMELINE: Chronology on the History of Slavery 
  OUTLINE: Slavery in the American Colonies 
  MAP: Triangle Trade Routes
  MAP: Colonial Trade Pattern, North Atlantic, 18th Century 
  Africans in America: Clickable Map of the British Colonies
  Africans in America: America's Journey Through Slavery 
  A Struggle from the Start: African American Journey to Freedom 
  African American Journey: From Slavery to Freedom 
  From Slavery to Freedom 
  New World Exploration and English Ambition 
   Free Blacks before the Revolutionary War 
  Free Blacks Before the Civil War  
  Slavery and the Law in Virginia 
  Transcriptions of Virginia Gazette Runaway Slave Ads 
   Fort Mose: Free African Settlement in Florida 
  Colonial African Americans 
  The Growth of Slavery in North America 
  First Blacks Of Portsmouth, NH 
    The African American Experience At Stratford Hall: 1782 
   Africans in America: New York's Revolt of 1712 
  Africans in America: Witchunt in New York - The 1741 Rebellion
  THE AMISTAD, 40 U.S. 518 (1841)
  Biography of an American Bondman
  Rebellion for Slaves is no way to Freedom
  The Invention that brings Life to the slave industry
  Civil Rights: Opposition to Slavery Mounts
  Don't Wanna Slave No More: Introduction to Colonial African-American Life
  The African Slave Trade and the Middle Passage
  The Slave Trade in Colonial America 
  Slavery in the American South 
Features - Chronicling Black Lives in Colonial New England
  Readings on Slavery from  the Early Presidents 
  USA: Jefferson on Slavery 
For much more on the history of Slavery, please visit my Slavery & Abolition page.

COLONIAL COTTON, SUGAR, TOBACCO, RICE, & THE PLANTATION SYSTEM
Economics During the Antebellum Period
Dry Drunk: The Culture of Tobacco in 17th and 18th-century Europe
  Economic Aspects of Tobacco during the Colonial Period 1612-1776
  European Voyages of Exploration: The Sugar & Slave Trades 
  Tobacco History Links
A Capsule History of Tobacco 
  Plantation Agriculture: Rice Plantations 
  The Invention that brings Life to the slave industry
  Plantation Agriculture: Cotton Culture 
  American Economic Growth: Movement South and Westward 

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
**** You get the text of the Declaration of Independence here, PLUS, a list of all the signers by state!!!!! 
  NARA | Exhibit Hall | The Declaration of Independence
TIMELINE: Declaring Independence - Drafting the Documents
  Declaration of Independence: Primary Documents of American History
  Welcome to founding.com - the User's Guide to the Declaration of Independence 
  A User's Guide to the Declaration of Independence: The Guide 
A History of the Declaration of Independence
Account of a Declaration from Thomas Jefferson's autobiography
   Declaring Independence: Drafting the Documents 
     USA: Declaration of Independence
  Colonial Hall: Biographies of America's Founding Fathers
The Price They Paid - the fates of several of the signers of the Declaration of Independence
  Documents from the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention, 1774 -1789
WHATEVER HAPPENED TO THE SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
  The Fate of the Signatories
  Destiny of The Signers
  Founding Fathers - Founding Fathers Quotes 
  Founding Fathers FAQ - What religion were the founding fathers? 
The Declaration of Independence Home Page
The Hypertext Declaration of Independence
  Interpreting the Declaration of Independence by Translation 
  Independence Day Sites
  A Capitol Fourth . History of the Fourth | PBS 
  A Capitol Fourth . Fireworks and Fun | PBS 
  History of July 4 
  Independence Day on the Net - Fireworks 
   Independence Day on the Net
 


JOHN LOCKE and his influence on the DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
The Works of John Locke 
Natural Law and Natural Rights
  The Natural Law Tradition in Ethics 
  Natural Law [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] 
  John Locke on Government - Father of the Enlightenment, Jefferson drew heavily from Locke's work when composing the Declaration.
John Locke (1632-1704), The Philosopher of Freedom. 
John Locke: His American and Carolinian Legacy 


THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
GENERAL SITES - TIMELINES - MAPS - PEOPLE
TIMELINES: Timeline of the Revolution, Prelude to Revolution(1763 - 1775), Timeline for the American Revolution, Conflict and Revolution 1775-1776, An Unlikely Victory 1777-1783, A New Nation 1784 - 1790, TIMELINE: American Revolution - more in the section on TIMELINES
MAPS: American Revolution MAPS, Rare Map Collection - Revolutionary AmericaThe American Revolution and Its Era: Maps and Charts of North America  - more available in the MAP section.
  The Colonial and Revolutionary Era: 1607-1783 - American Revolution 1763-1800
  OUTLINE: American Revolution
CHART: Key Revolutionary War Events
  Revolutionary War Glossary - People, Places, Terms
  dictionary - glossary - military terms -18th century - redcoats - glossary 
  Revolutionary War Glossary
  Revolutionary War: American History Glossary  
  IMAGES: American Revolution 
  Image Gallery: American Revolution 
    The History Place - American Revolution 
    A Revolutionary WEBQUEST 
    www.revwar.com
  revwar dot com - LINKS PAGE
  Events Leading to the The War of Independence 
  LIBERTY! The American Revolution
  Liberty: CHRONICLE of the REVOLUTION 
  Liberty! Subject Index - LIBERTY! . Perspectives . Military Perspectives | PBS - LIBERTY! . Perspectives . Global Village | PBS - what is going on elsewhere in the world at the time of the American Revolution. 
  The Age of the American Revolution, 1761-1800 
  American Revolution - From Causes to the Constitution  
  1776-1783: Diplomacy of the American Revolution 
  A Journey Towards Freedom
   Revolutionary War FAQs 
  Little Known Facts about the American Revolutionary War 
    American Revolution Website for the National Park Service 
  National Park Service Museum Collections: An American Revolution 
   American Revolution Notes 
  American Experience | Patriots Day | PBS 
  Revolutionary War Hall 
  REFORM,RESISTANCE, REVOLUTION 
  THE REVOLUTIONARY REPUBLIC 
  Virtual Tour of Historic Philadelphia
  A Tale of Two Revolutions - A comparison of the French and American Revolutions. 
  Comparing the American Revolution and the French Revolution. 
  LIBERTY! . Road to Revolution Game | PBS 

CAUSES
OUTLINE: Prologue to Revolution
  The Road to Independence
  Opening Causes and Events of the American Revolution 
  AMERICAN REVOLUTION PERSUADERS
  The American Colonies and the British Empire 
  The Enlightenment in America 
  How did the French and Indian War sow the seeds of discontent?
  British Navigation Acts 
  American Revolution Background
  EVENTS LEADING TO THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 1761-1775
  JAMES OTIS: Against Writs of Assistance 
  Foreign Rule breaks down 
  The Issue of Representation 
  Taxation without representation at issue 
  Taxation without Representation  
  1755-1776: Tax History from the Seven Years War to the American Revolution 
  1777-1815: Tax History from the Revolutionary War to the War of 1812
  Sugar Act(1764) and Stamp Act(1765) 
  The Stamp Act, March 22, 1765  
  THE STAMP ACT and TARRING AND FEATHERING 
  Colonial Reaction To The Stamp Act 
  1767: Townshend Duties(Tea Tax)
  Townshend Acts  
  Mob Violence
  The Boston Massacre 
Captain Preston's View of the Boston Massacre & an opposite view, Anonymous Account of the Boston Massacre  
  The Boston Massacre Trial of 1770 
  LIBERTY: High Tea in Boston Harbor 
  LIBERTY! . The Edenton Ladies Tea Party | PBS 
  Documents for 1773 and the Boston Tea Party 
   1773: Boston Tea Party
  Boston Tea Party Chapter DAR 
  USA: boston teaparty 
  Boston Tea Party Participants 
  SOLutions: Why were colonists sweet on tea? 
  The Intolerable Acts of 1774: Road to Independence
  Intolerable Acts - March 24, 1774
  The Intolerable or Coercive Acts 
  Sons of Liberty - activists for freedom and the Constitution  

LITERARY RESPONSE
Samuel Adams: Re-Evaluating a Journalistic Calvinist
  Thomas Paine's Common Sense - Hypertext
  Thomas Paine: Common Sense 1776
  Patrick Henry on Liberty
  Patrick Henry: Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death 

THE PATRIOTS
(In case you don't see their names here, check out other sections)
Heroes of the Revolution
  LIBERTY! . Subject Index | PBS 
  Founding Fathers - Founding Fathers Quotes 
  Revolutionary War Glossary - People, Places, Terms
  Gallery of Early American Portraits 
    The Enigma of Benedict Arnold, Benedict Arnold: The Traitor Who Saved America, Liberty: BENEDICT ARNOLD'S LEG - Patriot AND Traitor
  The William Dawes Who Rode   
  BERNARDO DE GALVEZ and SPAIN
Nathan Hale 
  U.S. Navy - John Paul Jones
  The Two Burials of John Paul Jones
Lafayette Web Page 
     Casimir Pulaski: Father of American Cavalry
   The Paul Revere House
  Paul Revere's Midnight Ride 
  "Paul Revere's Ride" by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 
     Deborah Sampson - More on Revolutionary Women & Minorities below.
  The Green Dragon Tavern: Home of the Sons of Liberty 
     Sons of Liberty: Patriots or Terrorists? 
George Washington - of course, more available on my Presidents webpage.
More links in other sections on this page and in the Biography section on my General U.S.A. History webpage.

THE BATTLES - WEAPONS - SOLDIERS
Information on specific people in the PATRIOT section above
Glossary of Eighteenth-Century Military Terms 
  AMERICAN MILITARY HISTORY: THE BEGINNINGS 
  AMERICAN REVOLUTION: FIRST PHASE
  THE WINNING OF INDEPENDENCE, 1777-1783
  NAMED CAMPAIGNS - REVOLUTIONARY WAR 
   Major Battles of the Revolution
  The Major Battles of the Revolutionary War 
   Virtual Marching Tour of the American Revolution  
  Battle of Lexington & Battle of Concord
  WPI Military Science: Battle of Lexington & Concord Abstract
   The Decisive Day is Come: The Battle of Bunker Hill | Introduction 
  The Battle of Bunker Hill: Now We Are at War 
  WPI Military Science: Battle of Breed's Hill / Bunker Hill 
  The Battle of Bunker Hill
  Historic Valley Forge 
  History at Valley Forge 
  Who Served Here at Valley Forge? 
     The Battle of Saratoga(1777): The Great Turning Point
  Monmouth Battlefield State Park
  THE BATTLE AT COWPENS  
  The Battle of Oriskany: "Blood Shed a Stream Running Down" 
  Background to the Philadelphia Campaign 
  THE VIRGINIA CAMPAIGN AND THE BLOCKADE & SIEGE OF YORKTOWN 1781
  American Revolution 1778-1781: War in the West and South 
  U.S. Navy - John Paul Jones 
  The Ships of the American Revolution, Bonhomme Richard 
    THE REVOLUTIONARY REPUBLIC 
  REFORM, RESISTANCE, REVOLUTION
War of American Independence 
RANGERS IN COLONIAL AND REVOLUTIONARY AMERICA 
  LIBERTY! Military Perspectives | PBS 
  Weapons of the American Revolution 
  tactics and weapons of the American revolution  
  Weapons of the American Revolutionary War 
  Riflemen in the American Revolution 
  Artillery in the American Revolution 
  Mounted Troops (Dragoons) in the American Revolution 
    UNIFORMS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 
  UNIFORMS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION -- Index 
  Jim Chambers Flintlocks, Ltd. - Index  
  Officers and Gentlemen in the American Revolutionary War 
  Continental Soldiers During the American Revolutionary War 
  Medicine in the American Revolutionary War 
  Feeding the Soldiers During the American Revolution 
  Soldiers' Leisure Time During the Revolution 
  The Brigade of the American Revolution Home Page 
The Road to Independence: a battle simulation 
  CMH Prints and Poster Series - Soldiers of the American Revolution 


THE FRENCH ALLIANCE
THE FRANCO-AMERICAN ALLIANCE DURING THE REVOLUTION
Early Background on the French/Colonial Alliance
  Expedition Particulire: French expeditionary army 
Treaty of Alliance
Lafayette Web Page 
   Rochambeau Collection 
Rochambeau
  French Regiments
  French Volunteers in the American Revolution
  FRENCH NAVAL LEADERS  


LOYALISTS AND BRITISH TROOPS & SUPPORTERS
Loyalist and British Songs & Poetry of the America Revolution
The British Brigade
  Maryland Loyalism and the American Revolution 
  The Loyal American Regiment
  The Enigma of Benedict Arnold, Benedict Arnold: The Traitor Who Saved America, Liberty: BENEDICT ARNOLD'S LEG - Patriot AND Traitor 


REVOLUTIONARY WOMEN & MINORITIES
Women Soldiers in the American Revolutionary War
  Women During the American Revolutionary War 
  Who Was Molly Pitcher? 
  Deborah Sampson 
  African Americans in the American Revolution 
Famous Afro-Americans in the American Revolutionary War
The Negro in the American rebellion; his heroism and his fidelity
The Roles of African Americans in the American Revolution 
  Welcome to the Black Patriots Foundation 
  The Murder of Crispus Attucks: American Treasures of the Library of Congress
  Africans in America/Crispus Attucks - Crispus Attucks 
Saul Matthews: An African American Spy 
  Hispanics in the American Revolution 


REVOLUTIONARY SPIES
Spy Letters of the American Revolution 
Spy Letters of the American Revolution -- Timeline
Spy Letters of the American Revolution -- Routes of the Letters
Spy Letters of the American Revolution -- Secret Methods and Techniques
Spy Letters of the American Revolution -- People 
Intelligence in the War of Independence 


THE LEGEND OF BETSY ROSS & THE FLAG
Evolution of the United States Flag
Francis Hopkinson - Designer of the flag
The Legend of Betsy Ross
Betsy Ross Homepage
The Betsy Ross House
For more on the U.S. flag, check out my General U.S.A. History webpage.

MISC. REVOLUTION SITES & TOPICS
"A Little Rebellion Now And Then Is A Good Thing" - Thomas Jefferson
  The Liberty Bell
  Independence Hall  
  The Ultimate Flag Source - Historic flags
  Historical Flags - Sons of Liberty
  Music of the Revolution
  Music of the American Revolutionary War 
  Songs of the Revolution 
  Colonial and Revolution Songs 
   William Billings, composer of "Chester" 
  Rebus Game (Virtual Marching Tour of the American Revolution)
    American Revolution Notes
   SOLutions: Daily Revolutionary War Comics! - Click on Archives
  Fighting for Liberty and Virtue (an alternative history) 
  18th century history - the age of reason and change
Was the Revolutionary War revolutionary? Essay 
  Johnny Tremain Links 
  LIBERTY! . Perspectives . Daily Life in the Colonies | PBS
  LIBERTY! . Perspectives . Global Village | PBS
  LIBERTY! . Road to Revolution Game | PBS
  Early American History Interactive Crossword Puzzles 
  LIBERTY! . Subject Index | PBS 
  The Enlightenment in America 
  The American Colonies and the British Empire 
  Archiving Early America - Short On-Line Movies 
  National Society, Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR)
  National Society, Sons of the American Revolution (SAR)  

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
The World of Benjamin Franklin
  Colonial Hall: Biography of Benjamin Franklin
  Ben Franklin - Diplomat 
  Benjamin Franklin: A Documentary History
  Franklin's Autobiography
  USA: The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
   Franklin's Kite 
  The Electric Franklin
  Ben Franklin Invents the Armonica
  Benjamin Franklin and His Glass Armonica
  History of the United States Postal Service 1775-1993 
  1733 Poor Richard's Almanack Contents
Poor Richard's Almanack (1752) - on altering the calendar 
  1753 Poor Richard's Almanack Contents 
  1759 Poor Richard's Almanack Contents 
  1795 Farmer's Almanack Contents 
  Franklin on the Constitution
  Franklin Links
  Ben Franklin - the Eagle and the Turkey  
  William Franklin (1731 - 1813) - Ben's illegitimate son and loyalist. 


WASHINGTON, ADAMS, JEFFERSON
For info on the primary figures in America's fight for Freedom that went on to become President of the United States, drop by my Presidents page!

THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION AND THE CONSTITUTION
TIMELINE: Confederation to Constitution 
TIMELINE: The Constitution and the Emergence of Political Parties
  TIMELINE: The U.S. Constitution 
  TIMELINE: Making of the Constitution 
OUTLINE: Articles of Confederation 
**** CHART: Articles of Confederation vs. the Constitution
OUTLINE: Miracle at Philadelphia: The Constitutional Convention
  GLOSSARY: The Constitutional Dictionary 
  The Creation of American Democracy, 1783-1840 
  Constitutional Topic: Articles of Confederation 
  Comparing the Articles and the Constitution 
  "We, the People": New Voices in the Constitutional Debates 
  NARA | Exhibit Hall | The Constitution of the United States 
  **** The Constitution of the United States: Transcription - with hyperlinks to explanations  
  The U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net
NARA | Exhibit Hall | The Founding Fathers - the Delegates 
  The Framers of the Constitution 
  Data on the Framers of the Constitution   
  The Constitution Explained 
  Notes on the Amendments - The U.S. Constitution Online 
Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention Broadsides Home Page
Constitutional Convention
The Constitution: An Enduring Document 
Ratification and the Bill of Rights 
  Popular names of sections and clauses 
Slavery Debate at the Constitutional Convention  
Constitution Society Home Page 
  The Constitution 
Franklin on the Constitution  
  A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates 
More info on the Constitution may be found on my U.S. Government page.


THE FEDERALISTS & ANTI-FEDERALISTS
OUTLINE: Federalist Era - Hamiltonians vs. Jeffersonians
Chronology of the Pro- and Anti-Federalist Papers
Explaining the Constitution: The Federalist papers
The Federalist Papers - electronic test
The Avalon Project : The Federalist Papers 
The Federalist
   Papers of James Madison, University of Virginia 
  COMPLETING THE REVOLUTION: Including chart of Anti-Federalists & Federalists
  THOMAS JEFFERSON: CONSTITUTIONAL ARGUMENTS AGAINST THE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES
  Hamilton vs. Jefferson
The Rise and Fall of Alexander Hamilton
  Hamilton and the U.S. Constitution 

THE EARLY REPUBLIC
TIMELINE: Early Republic 1788-1824 
  TIMELINE: The Constitution and the Emergence of Political Parties
    The New Nation
  The Creation of American Democracy, 1783-1840 
  THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC, 1790-1820 
  Revolutionary Period and New Nation 
  The National Period: 1783-1789
  America in the 1790s
  America in the 1790s, Part II
  The New Republic: The United States, 1789-1800 
    Whiskey Rebellion 
  MILESTONE HISTORIC DOCUMENTS - THE WHISKEY REBELLION 
  Importance of the Northwest Ordinance 
  MILESTONE HISTORIC DOCUMENTS - THE NORTHWEST ORDINANCE 
  The Northwest Ordinance 
      THE RIGHTS OF MAN by Thomas Paine, 1792 - Response to Edmund Burke 
  The Sedition Act pf 1798 
XYZ Affair
  KENTUCKY AND VIRGINIA RESOLUTIONS
  Tales of the Early Republic 
  United States Geography in the Early Republic
  1776-1783: Diplomacy of the American Revolution
1784-1800: Diplomacy of the New Republic
  1777-1815: Tax History from the Revolutionary War to the War of 1812 
Domestic Affairs and Foreign Relations in the 1790s Essay 
  AMERICAN MILITARY HISTORY: The Formative Years, 1783-1812 
  U.S. Military History: Early National Era 
  "From Gentility to Republicanism": Portraiture in the Early Republic  



MISC. SITES ON COLONIAL AMERICA & THE EARLY REPUBLIC
North American Prehistory
  Documents for the Study of American History: 1400 - 2005 
  Founding Fathers - Founding Fathers Quotes 
    Conner Prairie's History Online: The Midwest Before the Civil War 
  Taming the Wilderness: Rivers, Roads, Canals, and Railroads 
   Road Through the Wilderness - "The National Road" 
     John Bull and Uncle Sam: Four Centuries of British-American Relations 
  AMERICAN VALUES IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT: THE HERITAGE OF THINKING TO 1789 
  Spain, the United States, & the American Frontier 
    1795 Farmer's Almanack Contents
  The Idea of Women's Equality and its Migration throughout American History 
  Modern History Sourcebook: Scottish Immigration to the American Colonies, 1772 
  LIBERTY! Perspectives . Global Village | PBS 
  The American Colonies and the British Empire 
  The Enlightenment in America 
  Colonial House | PBS
  LIBERTY! Daily Life in the Colonies | PBS 
  Colonial America 
  17th Century New England
  COLUMBUS to 1877
  The Colonial and Revolutionary Era: 1607-1783
  Background Events 1761-1775 
  American Revolution 1763-1800
  The Creation of American Democracy, 1783-1840
  THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC, 1790-1820 
    Early American History and Culture, 1500s-1865 
  AMERICA IN THE EUROPEAN IMAGINATION TO 1760s: US TO 1789
  JEWS IN THE LANDS OF THE COLONIAL POWERS OF AMERICA
    Early jewish american history 
   The Idea of America 
The Idea of America: Contents
Turner: The Frontier In American History
THE MIDDLE WEST
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FRONTIER IN AMERICAN HISTORY
   Historical United States Census Data Browser - Census Data for 1790 and beyond
AmeriSpeak: expressions of our American ancestors
Canterbury Shaker Village 
   OLD STURBRIDGE VILLAGE
Williamsburg Online - The Official Guide to Williamsburg, Virginia
Colonial Williamsburg Almanack
Henry Nash Smith: Daniel Boone 
  HistoryBuff.com - Audio Library 
    American Music Timeline | Colonial Music 
   Colonial Music Institute
Music of the Revolution
American Popular Music before 1900
  American Folk Midi, Traditional Midi@ Laura's MIDI Heaven!
  Early American History Interactive Crossword Puzzles 
  LIBERTY! . Road to Revolution Game | PBS  

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