Apollo and the Greek Muses

Ancient Greece

Updated 6/10/11  

A Brief Comparison of Greek and Roman Sculpture by Teacher Oz (me):
When comparing Greek and Roman sculpture you need to know about the three distinct periods of Greek sculpture. The Greek Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic styles each represent different ideals. Archaic, best represented by the Kouros, evolved from Egyptian sculpture. Kouros characteristics were: rigidity, one foot forward stance, formal hair treatment, bilateral symmetry (same on left and right), and its frontality (block like). It differed from the Egyptian in that the sculpture was nude, there was no webbing between the arms and body, and there was attention to anatomical detail. The Archaic Kouros was the composite of the athletic ideal through mathematical formula(1:8). It was not realistic, but idealistic.

During Classical period, the change in sculpture was embodied by one word: controposto. The most significant change in sculpture to that date, controposto was the counterbalance, or s-curve of the body. One foot came forward and the weight distribution became more naturalistic. Besides conroposto, the other characteristics of Classical sculpture were: head turned on different plain from body (aloof, representing reason controlled) and less formal hair treatment. Archaic was carving "stone into body", while Classical was carving a "body out of stone". "The Canon", by Polyclitus, is the archetype of classical sculpture. The goal of classical sculpture was to portray a perfect balance and harmony through art. This mirrored Greek philosophy.

The Hellenistic period occurred after the Peloponnesian War and a new reality emerged in Greek sculpture. This sculpture was not idealistic. "The Boxer" shows the boxer's bleeding knuckles after the fight. Ideal beauty is no longer the object.

The Roman's mainly stole or copied Greek sculpture. The chief legacy of Roman art was portraiture. Realism was the key (which would link it to the Hellenistic style), BUT idealism ruled sculpture when used for propaganda purposes (an example is the statue of Caesar Augustus).

Essentially,
Classical Greek Sculpture: IDEALISM/UNIVERSALITY
Roman Sculpture: EMPHASIS ON PARTICULAR RATHER THAN UNIVERSAL


GENERAL & COMPREHENSIVE SITES
***** The Amazing Ancient World - Premier Ancient Civilization Internet Book - for tons of links, just scroll down to the section on the Ancient Greeks!
  ODYSSEAS - Hellenic Ministry of Culture
  The Ancient Greek World
  Ancient Greece - History, mythology, art, war, culture, society, and architecture
  Ancient Greece Coloring Pages
  Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Main Page
  Major Figures in Ancient and Classical History 
The Greeks - Greeks Interactive
    Differences Between Classical and Hellenistic Greek
  The Amazing Ancient World - GREECE 
EAWC: Ancient Greece
Greece: History 
Classical and Hellenistic Greece
Odyssey Online 
Perseus Digital Library - Perseus: Greek and Roman Materials  
Internet Resources: Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece: Archaic Greece, 800-500 BC
   Ancient Greek Civilizations
   historyforkids: Ancient Greece
Classical Atlas Project -- Home Page
The Atrium: For Devotees of Ancient Greece & Rome 
  Ancient Classical History
  Greece Sites
  Ancient Greece
  Ancient Greek Civilizations
Hellenistic Greece
  The Geography of Ancient Greece
   Ancient Greece c.2000 to 50 BC
Articles on ancient Greece
  Lectures on Ancient and Early Medieval History - Main 
   110Tech-Greece 
  All Empires - The Mediterranean, Greece & Rome 
   Mare Nostrum: The Greeks 
  CyberMuseum: Greece 
  Daily Life In Ancient Greece & Rome
  Latin and Greek Word Elements  

TIMELINE 
Timeline of Ancient Greece 
  Greek Timeline 
Ancient Greeks: Timeline
  The Ancient Greek World: Sub-Mycenaean Period and the Early Iron Age - Geometric Period - Early Archaic Period - Archaic Period - Classical Period - Hellenistic Period 

THE MINOANS, MYCENEANS, & THE GREEK DARK AGES 
The Prehistoric Archaeology of the Aegean
Barbarians and Bureaucrats: Minoa, Mycenae, and the Greek Dark Ages - Contents 
MAP: Mycenaean and Minoan civilizations c. 2000 B.C. 
  The Minoans 
  Linear A and Linear B Script: The Ancient Writing of Minoan Crete
   The Linear B Tablets and Mycenaean Organization - Ancient Scripts: Linear B 
The First Palaces in the Aegean - Minoan Palace 
Minoans: Religion 
  Minoans: Women in Minoan Culture 
Minoans: Minoan Visual Culture
The Early Minoan Period:The Settlements
The History of Plumbing (CRETE) 
The Myceneans 
  Rise of Myceneans
  Mycenean
Mycenean Religion 
The Dark Ages 

  THE MACEDONIANS & ALEXANDER THE GREAT  
  TIMELINE: Alexander the Great 
  Alexander the Great Timeline  
  Chronology of the reign of Alexander the Great 
  Map: Alexander the Great's move through the East
  Alexander the Great - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 
  Army of Alexander the Great 
  Alexander the Great on the Web
  ALEXANDER THE GREAT, Project by JJP
  The Great Homepage of Alexander, or Something Like That
   History House: Stories: Philip of Macedon (and Pausanias) 
Alexander Changes the World 
   HWC, Alexander the Great 
  The Search for Alexander 
  History House: Alexander the Great 
      Plutarch's ALEXANDER
Hellenistic Greece: Alexander
Bucephalus - The story of Bucephalus and Alexander the Great - Alexander the Great and Bucephalus 
History of Macedonia
   Kings of Ancient Macedonia
  About Alexandria and the North Coast of Egypt
  The Library of Alexandria
    More on Alexander the Great - plus info on Alexandria - can be found on my Ancient Egypt page!

ART & ARCHITECTURE  
  ART HISTORY RESOURCES: Ancient Greece and Rome
  Ancient Greek Colonization and Trade and their Influence on Greek Art
  Greek and Roman Art in the Ancient World
    Archaic Greek Sculpture Images 
  The Parthenon at Athens - SUPER! 
***** Parthenon is a FANTASTIC site!
  The Acropolis Museum - opened June 20, 2009!
  Acropolis Tour
Parthenon Gallery - Acropolis Plan - Acropolis Plan 
  Virtual Tour of Acropolis
  Acropolis of Athens - 360 Virtual Tour
   GOOGLE EARTH Acropolis Virtual Tour (You Tube Video) 
The Parthenon - Ictinus and Callicrates with Phidias  
   Greek Art
Classical Greek Sculpture: Home
   Hellenistic Greek Sculpture
Greek Architecture - More on Greek Architecture - Still More on Greek Architecture
    Greek Kouroi
      National Archaeological Museum of Athens
Archaeological Museum of Delphi
  Ancient Greece Coloring Pages
  Classical Orders of Architecture
The Greek Orders: Doric Column, Doric entablature, Doric Temple, Doric Column Breakdown, Ionic Column, Ionic entablature, Ionic capital, Corinthian  entablature
  The Corinthian Page   
  The Ancient Greek World: Greek Pottery - Pottery Overview - Commercial Uses of Pottery - Attic Black Figure and Red Figure - Images of Pottery
   Greek Art: Sculpture and Vase Painting 
    The Seven Wonders: The Statue of Zeus at Olympia
The Seven Wonders: The Colossus of Rhodes
For more sites, visit my Art by Period page!

GREEK ALPHABET AND LANGUAGE 
Greek Alphabet - Greek Alphabet Table
  Evolution of Greek Characters 
  Latin and Greek Word Elements 
  Greco-Roman Glossary 
  GLOSSARY: Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
More on the evolution of writing on my General Ancient History page.

ANCIENT GREEK ECONOMY 
   The Ancient Greek World: Economy - Coinage - Coinage Technique - Coinage Types 
Life in Ancient Greece Reflected in the Coinage of Corinth
  Ancient Greek and Roman Coins 
  History of Money from Ancient Times to the Present Day 
  The Ancient Greek World: Economy - Trade 
  Ancient Trade Routes
  Ancient Greek Colonization and Trade and their Influence on Greek Art 
 


WOMEN & DAILY LIFE
***** Daily Life Ancient Greece
  Diotima: Women & Gender in the Ancient World
  Women in Classical Greek Culture
  Women's Life
  WOMEN IN THE ANCIENT WORLD
  Ancient Greek Clothing - The Ancient Greek World: Women's Dress & Toiletries - Ancient Greek Jewelry - Greek Clothing - History for Kids! - J. Moyr Smith's Ancient Greek Female Costume - Ancient Greek Dress
Ancient Greece - Women 
Ancient Greek Women in Athens
Primary Texts on Women in Ancient Greece & Rome
  The Role of Women in Ancient Greek Art
  Texts about Women & Children in Ancient Greece
   Legal Status in the Greek World
  Women in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds 
  EAWC Anthology: Lysistrata
  Greek Philosophy on the Inferiority of Women
  Aristotle on reason, the state, slavery and women
  Ancient History Sourcebook: Aristotle: Spartan Women
  Ancient History Sourcebook: Aristotle: On a Good Wife 
  Images of the Greek Wedding - The Greek and Roman Wedding
  Coming of Age in Ancient Greece (Getty Exhibitions) 
  Culture of Athens 
Greek People 
  Daily Life In Ancient Greece & Rome 
The Ancient Greek World: The Greek House - House Furnishings - The Greek House - Images of Furniture on Greek Vases 
  The Ancient Greek World: Drinking Parties  
A Taste of the Ancient World: Greco-Roman eating, drinking, & farming
  The Ancient Greek World: Men's Life 
  The Ancient Greek World: Hunting 
  The Ancient Greek World: Men and Horses  
Greek Food - Food in Antiquity   
Greek Clothing - Images of Greek Costume 
  The History of Plumbing - Greece 
  The Ancient Greek World: Precious Oils and Cosmetics 
  Public Life 
  Private Life 
  Occupations 
  Men's Opinions 
  Medicine and Anatomy 

EDUCATION
  The Ancient Greek World: Schooling
  Coming of Age in Ancient Greece - School 
    Education in Antiquity
  Images of Greek Education
  Ancient Greece for Kids - Education, comparison Athens vs Sparta

ATHENS & THE BIRTH OF DEMOCRACY 
Polis 
  The Foundations of the Greek Polis 
  The ANIMATED map as history: Ancient Greece: Athenian Democracy
  The Ancient City of Athens
  Culture of Athens 
  The Delian League
     Greek Democracy 
  The Development of Athenian Democracy
More on The Development of Athenian Democracy 
  Solons Reforms and Democracy
The Athenian Origins of Direct Democracy
Demos: Classical Athenian Democracy
The Buildings on Acropolis - More on the Parthenon in the Art section above.
Athens
The Age of Pericles: The Athenian Empire
Thucydides: Pericles' Funeral Oration
The Second Athenian Empire: 362-338 BC
Athenian Rowdies 
   The Internet Classics Archive | The Athenian Constitution by Aristotle
   Athens in 421 BC - Project Athinai 

SPARTA 
Sparta
More on Sparta 
  Culture of Sparta 
All Empires - Sparta
  Lycurgus - The Father of Sparta
Kings of Sparta
The Spartan Hegemony: 404-371 BC
The Theban Hegemony: 371-362 BC
LEGION XIIII. Ancient Greece Brought to Life: Sparta
  Ancient History Sourcebook: Aristotle: Spartan Women 
  Education, comparison Athens vs Sparta
  
WAR
  MAPS: ancient warfare index 
  Greek military glossary 
Greece: Weapons/Arms/Warfare/Tactics - Ancient/Classical History
  The Ancient Greek World: Warfare - Weapons and Armor 
  **** HWC, The Persian Wars - The Persian Wars - Greeks versus Persians
  HWC, The Peloponnesian War - The Pelopponesian War 
   The Plague in Athens During the Peloponnesian War
  
THE TROJAN WAR, THE ILLIAD & THE ODYSSEY 
Troy: 4000 Year old Ancient City
Mythology and The Trojan War 
Bulfinch's Mythology, The Trojan War - Check Bulfinch - Index for more!
The Iliad
Odyssey Game - Choose your character
  Homer's Odyssey resources 
The Legend of the Trojan War 
The Trojan War and the Fall of Troy 
  The Trojan War Myth in Ancient Art 
  The Prehistoric Archaeology of the Aegean - Troy VII and the Historicity of the Trojan War - Troy VI 
  Royalty.nu - The Trojan War - History, Myth and Homer - Schliemann 
  The UnMuseum - The Treasure of Troy

  MATH & SCIENCE 
THE GREEK, INDIAN, & CHINESE ELEMENTS
Archimedes Home Page
Hypatia - Great Woman Mathematician - Hypatia
  Eratosthenes of Cyrene (ca. 284-ca. 192 BC)
   Greek Astronomy
Greek Science
  Medicine Through Time - Greek Medicine 
  Medicine Through Time - Asclepius (1200BC - 500AD) 
  Medicine Through Time - Hippocrates
Greek Medicine
The Hippocratic Oath 
Greek Mathematics 
History of Mathematics: Greece 
  Ptolemy's Geography
  Greek Astronomy
  The Ancient Greek World: Bronze Manufacturing 
  History of Technology - Greek and Roman 
  Ancient Greek Science and Technology 

RELIGION & DEATH 
    The Ancient Greek World: Religion - Votives and Sacrifice 
  Cult Statues 
  Religious Games 
Ancient Greek Religion 
  Greek View of Death 
  Banquets 
  Cemeteries - Burial - Grave Markers 

GREEK MYTHOLOGY 
Family Tree of Greek Mythology
  What is Myth?
  Myths and Legends
  Bulfinch Mythology   
Bulfinch's Mythology, Origin of Mythology 
  5 Ages of Man - Greek Myth on the Creation of Man 
    The Ancient Greek World: Heroes
  Images of Gods and Heroes 
  Olympian Gods and Goddesses 
  Images of Women and Goddesses 
  Hercules 
  Mythology and The Trojan War 
  Ancient Greek and Roman Myth in Film 
For extensive sites, drop by my Myth, Legend, Folklore, Ghosts page!

DRAMA, LITERATURE, & MUSIC 
Calliope, the Greek god of Epic Poetry - Melpomene, the Greek god of Tragedy - Thaleia, the Greek god of Comedy
Didaskalia: Introduction to Greek Stagecraft
Didaskalia: Recreating The Theater of Dionysus in Athens 
Greek Drama 
  Greek Theater 
  Greek Theatre Index 
  Greek Literature - For info on Homer, check out the section above on the Trojan War. 
  Theatre and Drama in Ancient Greece
  Euripides and His Tragedies  
  Archaic Greek Lyric 
  Ancient Greek Music and Music Instruments 
For more, please visit the section on drama at Literature and Drama.  For full classical plays, please visit my General Ancient History page.

MAPS 
The Geography of Ancient Greece
Map of Athenian League/Peloponnesian War, 453 B.C.E. 
Map of Major Greek Temples and Sanctuaries
Map of Hellenistic World, Cities & Empires, 240 B.C.E. 
Map of Hellenistic World, Major & Minor States, 90 B.C.E. 
MAP: Greece and Its Colonies, 550 B.C. 
MAP: Mycenaean and Minoan civilizations c. 2000 B.C. 
World Cultures Atlas: Ancient Greece 
CLICKABLE CULTURAL MAP OF HELLAS 
  The Major Cities in Ancient Greece  
The Major Regions in Ancient Greece 
Map: Alexander in the East 
Map: Greece
  MAPS: Index of Places in Ancient Times
  MAPS: ancient warfare index 
  The ANIMATED map as history: Ancient Greece: a world in evolution
  The ANIMATED map as history: Ancient Greece: Athenian Democracy  

THE OLYMPICS 
The Olympic Games in the Ancient Hellenic World
  Olympian Gods and Goddesses 
   Ancient Olympics FAQ 
  The Real Story of the Ancient Olympic Games 
The Ancient Olympics  
A Tour of Ancient Olympia 
Greek Games 
  Olympics
  Hellenic Ministry of Culture - Olympics
  The Athletes: Amateurs or Pros?
  The Ancient Greek World: The Ancient Olympics - Religious Games 
  The Ancient Greek World: Athletics - Horse Racing - Track, Field, Wrestling, and Boxing 
  History of Plumbing - Ancient Locker Rooms 
The Modern Games
  London 2012 Summer Olympics - London 2012
  Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics - Sochi 2014
  Olympic Games - Olympic.org
   More info on the Ancient (and Modern) Olympics can be found on my History of Sports & Entertainment page.  

HERODOTUS & THUCYDIDES 
Thucydides 
Thucydides and Herodotus
For full texts of their work, visit my General Ancient History page.

PHILOSOPHY 
  Greek Thought: Socrates, Plato and Aristotle 
Greek Philosophy 
Pre-Socratic Philosophy 
Socrates 
The Last Days of Socrates 
Socratic Method & Scientific Method 
Aristotle 
Plato 
Greek Philosophy: Plato, The Allegory of the Cave, The Divided Line 
  Sophism  
Hellenistic Philosophy 
  For more on Greek Philosophy, General Ancient History page!

FOR MORE INFO, CHECK OUT:
General Ancient History
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Rome
Myth, Legend, Folklore, Ghosts
 

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